Toward the end of the reign of the Qianlong Emperor, there were conflicts and unrest among Muslim residents of the country over issues related to Ramadan and prayer practices. Much of the strife occurred in Qinghai, located in central China. In that area, local governors and judges from the Board of Punishment became involved when different sects of Islam conflicted with one another. Some Muslims became more vocal and complained about the Qing administration, calling the Qing dynasty an infidel regime. In 1781, two subdivisions of a Muslim sect called Sufism-the Jahriyya and the Khafiyya-erupted in violence. There was fighting on the streets and mob violence. The Qing had one of their most famous leaders of the Jahriyya, Ma Mingxin, executed. This only served to accelerate the rebellion. The Qing chose to aid the Khafiyya in the conflict, and subsequently, the Jahriyya Sufis were crushed. Those who were determined to continue to be religious activists were frequently exiled to Xinjiang, Guizhou, and Yunnan to serve as slaves in the military garrisons.