Boluan Fanzheng was a period in the history of PRC during which Deng Xiaoping, then paramount leader of China, led a far-reaching program attempting to correct the mistakes of the Cultural Revolution launched by Mao Zedong. The program gradually dismantled the Maoist policies associated with the Cultural Revolution, rehabilitated millions of victims who were persecuted during the Revolution, initiated various socio-political reforms, and brought the country back to order in a systematic way. The Boluan Fanzheng period is regarded as an important transition period in China's history, which served as the bedrock of the historic Reform and Opening-up Program starting on December 18, 1978.

After the Cultural Revolution ended in 1976, Deng Xiaoping first proposed the idea of "Boluan Fanzheng" in September 1977. With the help of his allies such as Hu Yaobang who later became the General Secretary of the CCP, Deng was able to launch the program of Boluan Fanzheng and emerged as the de facto supreme leader of China in December 1978 during the 3rd Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of CCP. The Boluan Fanzheng period lasted until early 1980s, after which the primary focus of CCP and the Chinese government changed from "class struggles" to "economic construction" and "modernization".

However, the Boluan Fanzheng period also saw many controversies, such as the disagreed views on Mao Zedong, the inclusion of the "Four Cardinal Principles" in China's Constitution in order to maintain the one-party state in China, and the legal controversies that many of the leaders and perpetrators in Cultural Revolution massacres received little or no punishment at all. The Communist Party has not fully declassified the documents related to the Cultural Revolution and has been restricting academic studies and public discussions of the Revolution within the Chinese society. Moreover, after Xi Jinping succeeded as the General Secretary of CCP and came to power in 2012, some of the reforms made during the Boluan Fanzheng period were gradually reversed, triggering concerns of a new Cultural Revolution.